Drugs, Law And Race - 2079 Words

Drugs, Law and Race in American â€Å"We have defeated Jim Crow, but now we have to deal with his son, James Crow Jr., esquire.† (Whitaker) Those words by the reverend Al Sharpton summarize the feelings of many people about the modern face of racism in America. Unlike the Jim Crow laws of the 1890’s which created culture of overt discrimination enforced through fear. Modern day racism does not use blunt force, the fear of the lynch mob, or even outright separate but equal laws. It is more covert and sophisticated using the current laws and justice system to entrap many African Americans in the prison system. A 2008 report by the civil rights organization Human Rights Watch documented major racial disparities in the†¦show more content†¦He used a political rhetorical technique known as the Southern Strategy. By using racially coded rhetoric on issues of crime, he was able to tap into poor and working-class whites’, particularly in the South, deeply held beliefs about African Americans and their links to drug use and other criminal behavior. According to mass communications scholar William Elwood, Such rhetoric allows presidents to appear as strong leaders who are tough on crime and concerned about domestic issues and is strategically ambiguous to portray urban minorities as responsible for problems related to the drug war and for resolving such problems. (Nunn, 391) On June 19, 1986, University of Maryland basketball star and number two pick in the NBA draft by the reigning champions at the time the Boston Celtics, Len Bias died of a cocaine overdose. Bias’s death shocked the nation and started a media frenzy centered mistakenly on crack cocaine instead of powered cocaine which was the drug responsible for Bias’s death. He became the poster child for Nancy Reagan’s â€Å"Just Say No† anti-drug campaign. Congress responding to an outpouring of grief and fear over the young man death quickly passed the he Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. On October 27, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, which appropriated $1.7

The Student Center For Science Engagement - 1535 Words

The Student Center for Science Engagement (SCSE) at Northeastern Illinois University (NEIU), a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI), was established in 2008 with the mission to support students majoring in science, technology, engineering and mathematics STEM disciplines with the challenges they face in their academic and career development. Mentoring relationships, critical components of the SCSE’s influence, are fostered by the SCSE’s advisors, mostly Ph.D.-level minority scientists. Accessibility to STEM professionals who reflect the student population has allowed students to envision themselves as scientists. SCSE advisors have systematically implemented holistic advising including but not limited to major and career exploration,†¦show more content†¦The SCSE’s effectiveness in recruitment and retention, the success of mentoring, and achievements of students as a result of mentoring will be discussed. Introduction A goal of President Barack Obama’s Educate to Innovate initiative in 2008 was to increase the contributions of underrepresented minority (URM) students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) (White House, 2009). Notably, in the context of the United States, the fastest growing and youngest URMs are Hispanics. Demographic projections suggest that Hispanics will comprise 30 percent of the U.S. population by 2040 and the majority demographic group in several states (United States Census, 2008). Thus, the need to encourage and support innovation and competitiveness in STEM participation is important, especially for Hispanic students, who are significantly underrepresented. In 2009, Hispanics represented 16 percent of the U. S. population and 26 percent of all undergraduate enrollments, but they earned just 11.9 percent of STEM bachelor’s degrees in that year (National Science Foundation (NSF), 2010). In terms of STEM disciplines, Hispanic s received 3.4 percent of all bachelor’s degrees awarded in the life sciences, 0.7 percent in the physical sciences, 0.5 percent in mathematics, 2.6 percent in the computer science field and 4.7 percent in engineering (Chen, Ho Soldner, 2013). This low STEM degree

Allahs Miracles in the Quran Essay Example For Students

Allahs Miracles in the Quran Essay Muslims Should Read Allahs Miracles in the Quran Truly it (the Quran) is revelation sent down by the Lord of all the worlds. (Quran, 26:192) Harun Yahya ISBN June 2005 Printed in India (c) Goodword Books, 2005 Goodword Books 1, Nizamuddin West Market, New Delhi 110 013 Tel. 435 5454, 435 1128, 435 6666 Fax. 435 7333, 435 7980 e-mail: [emailprotected] com Website: www. goodwordbooks. com Translated by Carl Rossini Edited by David Livingstone, Qaiser M. Talib, Jay Willoughby Abbreviations used: (saas sall-Allahu alyahi wa sallam): May Allah bless him and grant him peace (following a reference to Prophet Muhammad) as alayhis-salam): Peace be upon him (following a reference to the prophets) All translations from the Quran are from The Noble Quran: a New Rendering of its Meaning in English by Hajj Abdalhaqq an Aisha Bewley, published by Bookwork, Norwich, UK. 1420 CE/1999 AH PREFACE BOOK ONE: Allahs Scientific Miracles in the Quran The Formation of the Universe The Expanding Universe Th e End of the Universe and the Big Crunch Creation from Hot Smoke The Separation of the Heavens and the Earth The Creation of What Lies between the Heavens and the Earth The Perfect Equilibrium in the Universe The Fine Tuning in the Universe The Structural Differences between the Sun, the Moon and the Stars Orbits and the Rotating Universe The Suns Trajectory The Moons Orbit Calculating the Lunar Year The Force of Gravity and Orbital Movements The Spherical Earth The Earths Direction of Rotation The Earths Geoid Shape The Diameters of the Earth and Space Atmospheric Layers The Well-Guarded Sky The Sky Made a Dome The Sky that Returns The Layers of the Earth The Earth Disgorges Its Charges Mountains Role The Moving Mountains Different Points in the Rising and Setting of the Sun Land Loss at the Extremities The Splitting Earth The Miraculous Iron The Formation of Petrol The Relativity of Time Creation in Six Days The Truth of Destiny Duality in Creation Sub-Atomic Particles Black Holes Pulsars: Pulsating Stars The Star Sirius Light and Dark Combustion without Fire The Weight of Clouds Rain in Measured Amounts How Rain Forms The Quivering and Swelling of the Earth Rains which Bring a Dead Land Back to Life The Formation of Hail, Thunder and Lightning Winds that Fecundate The Stages of Wind Formation How the Process of Photosynthesis Begins in the Morning The Separate Seas The Dark Depths of the Seas and Internal Waves The Region Responsible for Our Movements Hearts Find Peace in the Remembrance of Allah Forgiveness According to the Morals of Islam and Its Benefits on Health How Prayer Accelerates the Treatment of the Sick Stress and Depression: The Results of Not Abiding by the Religion A Human Beings Creation The Creation of Human Beings from Water Creation from Clay The Programming in Genes The Menstrual Period Pregnancy and Birth The Sequence in Development of Human Organs The Formation of Milk The Miraculous Mixture: A Mothers Milk The Identity Hidden in the Fingerprint The Female Honey Bee The Miracle of Honey The Date and Its Uses as Described in the Quran The Fig: A Fruit whose Perfection Has Only Recently Been Revealed Fish: A Valuable Source of Nutrition Pork and Its Harmful Effects on Health The Olive: A Health-Giving Plant Coronary By-Pass Surgery Health Benefits of Movement, Washing and Drinking Water The Existence of Microscopic Life The Existence of Animal Societies Biomimetics: Drawing Inspiration from the Design in Living Things Locusts Moving in Swarms Ant Communication The Food Cycle The Ears Are Active During Sleep The Importance of Movement in Sleep Reduced Movement at Night Chest Contraction with Increasing Height BOOK TWO: Predictions in the Quran Introduction Byzantine Empires Victory The Preservation of Pharaohs Body The Conquest of Makkah The Tribe of Israel Will Become Very Haughty The Exploration of Space The Voyage to the Moon Modern Means of Transport Plane Technology Image Transmission Smell Transference The Use of Electricity Artesian Wells The Army-Ant in Technology Atomic Energy and Fission BOOK THREE: The Historical Facts Recorded in the Quran Haman and Ancient Egypt Monuments Prophet Musa (as) and Seas Splitting in Two The Troubles which Afflicted Pharaoh and Those around Him The Word Pharaoh in the Quran The Prophet Musa (as) Referred to as a Magician Nuhs Flood The City of Iram The Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah The People of Saba and the Arim Flood The People of Al-Hijr BOOK FOUR: Allahs Mathematical Miracles in the Quran Word Repetitions in the Quran Numerological Calculations (Abjad) in the Quran The Miracle of 19 in the Quran BOOK FIVE: The Perfection of the Quran from the Literary Aspect The Inimitability of the Quran Comments about the Quran from Various Scholars CONCLUSION: The Quran Is Allahs Revelation APPENDIX: The Deception of Evolution TO THE READER A special chapter is assigned to the collapse of the theory of evolution because this theory constitutes the basis of all anti-spiritual philosophies. Since Darwinism rejects the fact of creation-and therefore, Allahs existence-over the last 140 years it has caused many people to abandon their faith or fall into doubt. It is therefore an imperative service, a very important duty to show everyone that this theory is a deception. Since some readers may find the chance to read only one of our books, we think it appropriate to devote a chapter to summarize this subject. All the authors books explain faith-related issues in light of Quranic verses, and invite readers to learn Allahs words and to live by them. All the subjects concerning Allahs verses are explained so as to leave no doubt or room for questions in the readers mind. The books sincere, plain, and fluent style ensures that everyone of every age and from every social group can easily understand them. Thanks to their effective, lucid narrative, they can be read at one sitting. Even those who rigorously reject spirituality are influenced by the facts these books document and cannot refute the truthfulness of their contents. This and all the other books by the author can be read individually, or discussed in a group. Readers eager to profit from the books will find discussion very useful, letting them relate their reflections and experiences to one another. In addition, it will be a great service to Islam to contribute to the publication and reading of these books, written solely for the pleasure of Allah. The authors books are all extremely convincing. For this reason, to communicate true religion to others, one of the most effective methods is encouraging them to read these books. We hope the reader will look through the reviews of his other books at the back of this book. His rich source material on faith-related issues is very useful, and a pleasure to read. In these books, unlike some other books, you will not find the authors personal views, explanations based on dubious sources, styles that are unobservant of the respect and reverence due to sacred subjects, nor hopeless, pessimistic arguments that create doubts in the mind and eviations in the heart. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Now writing under the pen-name of HARUN YAHYA, he was born in Ankara in 1956. Having completed his primary and secondary education in Ankara, he studied arts at Istanbuls Mimar Sinan University and philosophy at Istanbul University. Since the 1980s, he has published many books on political, scientific, and faith-related issues. Harun Yahya is well-known as the a uthor of important works disclosing the imposture of evolutionists, their invalid claims, and the dark liaisons between Darwinism and such bloody ideologies as fascism and communism. His pen-name is a composite of the names Harun (Aaron) and Yahya (John), in memory of the two esteemed Prophets who fought against their peoples lack of faith. The Prophets seal on his books covers is symbolic and is linked to their contents. It represents the Quran (the Final Scripture) and Prophet Muhammad (saas), last of the prophets. Under the guidance of the Quran and the Sunnah (teachings of the Prophet ), the author makes it his purpose to disprove each fundamental tenet of godless ideologies and to have the last word, so as to completely silence the objections raised against religion. He uses the seal of the final Prophet (saas), who attained ultimate wisdom and moral perfection, as a sign of his intention to offer the last word. All of Harun Yahyas works share one single goal: to convey the Qurans message, encourage readers to consider basic faith-related issues such as Allahs existence and unity and the Hereafter; and to expose godless systems feeble foundations and perverted ideologies. Harun Yahya enjoys a wide readership in many countries, from India to America, England to Indonesia, Poland to Bosnia, and Spain to Brazil. Some of his books are available in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Urdu, Arabic, Albanian, Russian, Serbo-Croat (Bosnian), Polish, Malay, Uygur Turkish, and Indonesian. Greatly appreciated all around the world, these works have been instrumental in many people recovering faith in Allah and gaining deeper insights into their faith. His books wisdom and sincerity, together with a distinct style thats easy to understand, directly affect anyone who reads them. Those who seriously consider these books, can no longer advocate atheism or any other perverted ideology or materialistic philosophy, since these books are characterized by rapid effectiveness, definite results, and irrefutability. Even if they continue to do so, it will be only a sentimental insistence, since these books refute such ideologies from their very foundations. All contemporary movements of denial are now ideologically defeated, thanks to the books written by Harun Yahya. This is no doubt a result of the Qurans wisdom and lucidity. The author modestly intends to serve as a means in humanitys search for Allahs right path. No material gain is sought in the publication of these works. Those who encourage others to read these books, to open their minds and hearts and guide them to become more devoted servants of Allah, render an invaluable service. Meanwhile, it would only be a waste of time and energy to propagate other books that create confusion in peoples minds, lead them into ideological chaos, and that clearly have no strong and precise effects in removing the doubts in peoples hearts, as also verified from previous experience. It is impossible for books devised to emphasize the authors literary power rather than the noble goal of saving people from loss of faith, to have such a great effect. Those who doubt this can readily see that the sole aim of Harun Yahyas books is to overcome disbelief and to disseminate the Qurans moral values. The success and impact of this service are manifested in the readers conviction. One point should be kept in mind: The main reason for the continuing cruelty, conflict, and other ordeals endured by the vast majority of people is the ideological prevalence of disbelief. This can be ended only with the ideological defeat of disbelief and by conveying the wonders of creation and Quranic morality so that people can live by it. Considering the state of the world today, leading into a downward spiral of violence, corruption and conflict, clearly this service must be provided speedily and effectively, or it may be too late. In this effort, the books of Harun Yahya assume a leading role. By the will of Allah, these books will be a means through which people in the twenty-first century will attain the peace, justice, and happiness promised in the Quran. PREFACE Fourteen centuries ago, Allah sent down the Quran. This book of guidance and wisdom calls man to the truth and instructs all human beings to adhere to the values which this mighty revelation contains. From the day of its revelation to the Day of Judgement, this last divine book will remain as the sole guide for humanity. The book of Allah states, But it is nothing less than a Reminder to all the worlds. (Quran, 68:52) Ever since the Quran was revealed, it has possessed an easily understandable language and tone, accessible to all people and in all times. Allah tells us of this style in the Quran: We have made the Quran easy to remember (Quran, 54:22) The perfection of the literary language of the Quran, the incomparable features of its style and the superior wisdom contained within it are some of the definitive proofs that it represents the word of our Lord. In addition, the Quran contains within its words many miracles which prove it to be Allahs word. One of these attributes is the remarkable number of scientific truths which are contained in the Book of Islam. In this book which was revealed over fourteen centuries ago to the Prophet Muhammad (saas), there are innumerable examples of information humanity have only been able to uncover by the technology of the 20th and 21st centuries. Of course, we should not view the Quran as a book of science for it is primarily a book of moral and spiritual guidance. However, many scientific facts that are expressed in an extremely concise and profound manner, within the verses of the Quran, have only been discovered by scientists with the aid of the technological advancement of the 20th and 21st centuries. Quite simply, these facts which we now point out to the reader could not have been known at the time of the Qurans revelation, and this is still more proof that the Quran is the word of Allah. In order to understand the scientific miracles contained in the Quran, we must first look at the level of scientific knowledge which existed at the time when this holy book was revealed. When one understands the context in which the Quran was revealed, one can understand more clearly how extraordinary the book of Islam actually is. In the 7th century, when these sacred verses were sent down, Arab society was awash with many superstitious and groundless notions. Lacking the technology to examine the universe and nature, these early Arabs believed in uncorroborated tales inherited from past generations and did not question them. For example, they supposed that mountains supported the sky above. They believed that the Earth was flat and that mountains acted as pillars that kept the vault of heaven high above us. Into this atmosphere of legend and myth, the Quran came down. It replaced ignorance with knowledge and illogical conjecture with guidance and certainty. One verse of the Quran states, Allah is He Who raised up the heavens without any support (Quran, 13:2) This verse invalidated the belief that the sky remains above because of support from the mountains. The Quran is filled with important facts which were revealed at a point in human history when no man could possibly have known them. The Quran-which was revealed at a time when people knew very little about astronomy, physics, or biology-contains key facts on a variety of subjects all of which point to the fact that it is revealed by Allah, the Lord of the Worlds. Some of the subjects explained and dealt with in the Quran are: the creation of the universe, the creation and miraculous development of the human being from miniscule embryo to grown adult, the structure of the atmosphere in which we live and the delicate balances that make life on Earth possible. In order to understand some of these points more fully, let us look at some of these scientific miracles revealed in the Quran together. BOOK ONE ALLAHS SCIENTIFIC MIRACLES IN THE QURAN THE FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE Until the mid-20th century, the prevalent view across the world was that the universe was infinite, had existed forever and that it will continue to do so for all time. According to this view, known as the static universe model, the universe had no end or beginning. In maintaining that the universe is a collection of fixed, static and unchanging substances, this view has constituted the basis of materialist philosophy and has consequently rejected the existence of a Creator. However, as science and technology progressed during the 20th century, the static universe model has been completely uprooted. We have now entered the 21st century and a new dawn is upon us. Through numerous experiments, observations and calculation conducted by some of the worlds most prominent thinkers, modern physics has proven that the universe did indeed have a beginning, that it came into being from nothing in a single moment in a huge explosion. Furthermore, it has been established that the universe is not fixed and static, as materialists still stubbornly maintain. On the contrary, it is undergoing a constant process of movement, change and expansion. These recently-established facts all act as nails in the coffin of the static universe theory. Today, all these facts are universally accepted by the scientific community. The origin of the universe is described in the Quran in the following verse: He created the heavens and the Earth from nothing. (Quran, 6:101) This information is in full agreement with the findings of contemporary scientists. As we stated earlier, the conclusion that astrophysics has reached today is that the entire universe, together with the dimensions of matter and time, came into existence as a result of a great explosion that occurred a long time ago. This event, known as The Big Bang, is the catalyst for the creation of the universe from nothingness. This explosion, all parties in the scientific community agree, emanated from a single point some 15 billion years ago. (See Harun Yahya, The Creation of the Universe, Al-Attique Publishers Inc. , Canada, 2000) THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE In the Quran, which was revealed fourteen centuries ago at a time when the science of astronomy was still primitive, the expansion of the universe was described in the following terms: And it is We Who have constructed the heaven with might, and verily, it is We Who are steadily expanding it. (Quran, 51:47) The word heaven, as stated in the verse above, is used in various places in the Quran. It is referring to space and the wider universe. Here again, the word is used with this meaning, stating that the universe expands. The Arabic word moosioona in the term inna lamoosioona, translated into English as it is We Who are steadily expanding it, comes from the verb awsaa, meaning to expand. The prefix la emphasises the following name or title and adds a sense of to a great extent. This expression therefore means We expand the sky or the universe to a great extent. This is the very conclusion that science has reached today. Until the dawn of the 20th century, the only view prevailing in the world of science was that the universe has a constant nature and it has existed since infinite time. However, modern research, observations, and calculations carried out by means of modern technology have revealed that the universe in fact had a beginning and that it constantly expands. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann and the Belgian co smologist Georges Lemaitre theoretically calculated that the universe is in constant motion and that it is expanding. This notion was confirmed by the use of observational data in 1929. While observing the sky with a telescope, Edwin Hubble, the American astronomer, discovered that the stars and galaxies were constantly moving away from each other. This discovery is regarded as one of the greatest in the history of astronomy. During these observations, Hubble established that the stars emit a light that turns redder according to their distance. That is because according to the known laws of physics, light heading towards a point of observation turns violet, and light moving away from that point assumes a more reddish hue. During his observations, Hubble noted a tendency towards the colour red in the light emitted by stars. In short, the stars were moving further and further away, all the time. The stars and galaxies were not only moving away from us, but also from each other. A universe where everything constantly moves away from everything else implied a constantly expanding universe. The observations carried out in the following years verified that the universe is constantly expanding. In order to gain a clearer understanding of this, let us imagine the universe to be the surface of a balloon being inflated. In the same way that the more the balloon is inflated, the further away the points on its surface move from one another, celestial bodies also move away from one another as the universe expands. This was theoretically discovered by Albert Einstein, regarded as one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century. However, in order to avoid violating the static universe model that was generally accepted at that time, Einstein laid that discovery aside. He would later describe this as the greatest blunder of his life. This fact was explained in the Quran in a time when telescopes and similar technological advancements were not even close to being invented. This is because the Quran is the word of Allah: the Creator and Ruler of the entire universe. THE END OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE BIG CRUNCH As we have stated above, the creation of the universe began with a huge explosion. From this point, the universe has been expanding ever since. Scientists say that when the mass of the universe has re ached a sufficient level, this expansion will come to an end because of gravity, causing the universe to collapse in on itself. It is also believed that the contracting universe will end in a fierce heat and contraction known as the Big Crunch. This would lead to the end of all forms of life as we know them. Renata Kallosh and Andrei Linde, professors of physics from Stanford University, made the following statements on the subject: The universe may be doomed to collapse and disappear. Everything we see now, and at a much larger distance that we cannot see, will collapse into a point smaller than a proton. Locally, it will be the same as if you were inside a black hole The Anti War Movement Of The Vietnam War EssayYet even these are sufficient to definitively reveal that the Earth and the universe could not have come into being as the result of a number of consecutive coincidences. The concepts of fine-tuning and the anthropic principle that began to be employed in the 20th century are further evidence of Allahs creation. The harmony and proportion therein were described with magnificent accuracy fourteen centuries ago in the Quran. THE STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SUN, THE MOON AND THE STARS We built seven firm layers above you. We installed a blazing lamp. (Quran, 78:12-13) As we know, the only source of light in the Solar System is the Sun. With advances in technology, astronomers discovered that the Moon was not a source of light but that it merely reflects the light reaching it from the Sun. The expression lamp in the above verse is a translation of the Arabic word siraaj, which most perfectly describes the Sun, the source of light and heat. In the Quran Allah employs different words when referring to such celestial bodies as the Moon, the Sun and the stars. This is how the differences between the structures of the Sun and Moon are expressed in the Quran: Dont you see how He created seven heavens in layers, and placed the Moon as a light in them and made the sun a blazing lamp? (Quran, 71:15-16) In the above verse, the word light is used for the Moon (noor in Arabic) and the word lamp for the Sun (siraaj in Arabic. ) The word used for the Moon refers to a light-reflecting, bright, motionless body. The word used for the Sun refers to a celestial body which is always burning, a constant source of heat and light. On the other hand, the word star comes from the Arabic root najama, meaning appearing, emerging, visible. As in the verse below, stars are also referred to by the word thaaqib, which is used for that which shines and pierces the darkness with light: self-consuming and burning: It is the star that pierces through darkness! (Quran, 86:3) We now know that the Moon does not emit its own light but reflects that reaching it from the Sun. We also know that the Sun and stars do emit their own light. These facts were revealed in the Qura n in an age when mankind simply did not have the means to make scientific discoveries of their own accord. It was an age when peoples knowledge of celestial bodies was severely restricted, to say the least. This further emphasises the miraculous nature of the book of Islam. ORBITS AND THE ROTATING UNIVERSE One of the most important reasons for the great equilibrium in the universe is the fact that celestial bodies follow specific paths. Stars, planets and satellites all rotate around their own axes and also rotate together with the system of which they are a part. The universe functions within a finely-tuned order, just like the wheels in a factory. There are more than 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe and each small galaxy contains approximately a billion stars. Furthermore, each big galaxy contains more than a trillion. 17 Many of these stars have planets and many of those planets have satellites. All these celestial bodies follow the most finely calculated paths and orbits. For millions of years, each one has been moving in its own path in flawless harmony with all the others. In addition to these, there are also a great many comets moving along in their own pre-determined paths. In addition, the paths in the universe are not restricted to a few celestial bodies. The Solar System and even other galaxies also exhibit considerable motion around other centres. Every year, Earth, and the Solar System with it, move some 500 million km (310 million miles) from where they were the previous year. It has been calculated that even the slightest deviation from celestial bodies paths could have drastic consequences which might spell the end of the entire system. For example, the consequences of the Earths deviating from its course by a mere 3 mm have been described in one source as follows: While rotating around the sun, the earth follows such an orbit that, every 18 miles, it only deviates 2. millimetres from a direct course. The orbit followed by the earth never changes, because even a deviation of 3 millimetres would cause catastrophic disasters: If the deviation were 2. 5 mm instead of 2. 8 mm, then the orbit would be very large, and all of us would freeze. If the deviation were 3. 1 mm, we would be scorched to death. 18 Another characteristic of heavenly bodies is that they also rotate around their own axes. The verse which reads by Heaven wi th its cyclical systems, (Quran, 86:11) indicates this truth. Naturally, at the time when the Quran was revealed, people had no telescopes with which to study bodies millions of kilometres away in space, advanced observation technology or our modern knowledge of physics and astronomy. It was therefore impossible to establish that space had its oscillating orbits, (Quran, 51:7) as described in the verse. The Quran however, revealed at that time, provided clear information concerning that fact. This is proof that this book is indeed Allahs word. THE SUNS TRAJECTORY It is stressed in the Quran that the Sun and Moon follow specific trajectories: It is He Who created night and day and the Sun and Moon, each one swimming in a sphere. (Quran, 21:33) The word swim in the above verse is expressed in Arabic by the word sabaha and is used to describe the movement of the Sun in space. The word means that the Sun does not move randomly through space but that it rotates around its axis and follows a course as it does so. The fact that the Sun is not fixed in position but rather follows a specific trajectory is also stated in another verse: And the Sun runs to its resting place. That is the decree of the Almighty, the All-Knowing. (Quran, 36:38) These facts set out in the Quran were only discovered by means of astronomical advances in our own time. According to astronomers calculations, the Sun moves along a path known as the Solar Apex in the path of the star Vega at an incredible speed of 720,000 kmph (447,000 mph). In rough terms, this shows that the Sun traverses some 17. 28 million km (10. 74 million miles) a day. As well as the Sun itself, all the planets and satellites within its gravitational field also travel the same distance. THE MOONS ORBIT And We have decreed set phases for the Moon, until it ends up looking like an old date branch. It is not for the Sun to overtake the Moon nor for the night to outstrip the day; each one is swimming in a sphere. (Quran, 36:39-40) The Moon does not follow a regular orbit like the satellites of other planets. As it orbits the Earth, it sometimes moves behind it and sometimes in front. As it also moves with the Earth around the Sun, it actually follows a constant pattern resembling the letter S in space. This route, traced by the Moon in space, is described in the Quran as resembling an old date branch and does indeed resemble the twisted form of the date tree branch. Indeed, the word urjoon employed in the Quran refers to a thin and twisted date branch and is used to describe that part left after the fruit has been picked. The way that this branch is described as old is also most appropriate since old date branches are thinner and more twisted. There is no doubt that it was impossible for anyone to have any knowledge about the orbit of the Moon 1,400 years ago. The way that this pattern, identified by modern technology and accumulated knowledge, was revealed in the Book is yet another scientific miracle of the Quran. CALCULATING THE LUNAR YEAR It is He Who appointed the Sun to give radiance, and the Moon to give light, assigning it phases so you would know the number of years and the reckoning of time. Allah did not create these things except with truth. We make the signs clear for people who know. (Quran, 10:5) And We have decreed set phases for the Moon, until it ends up looking like an old date branch. (Quran, 36:39) In the first of the above verses, Allah has clearly revealed that the Moon will be a means of measurement for people to calculate the year. Furthermore, our attention is also drawn to the fact that these calculations will be performed according to the positions of the Moon as it revolves in its orbit. Since the angles between the Earth and Moon and the Moon and Sun constantly change, we see the Moon in different forms at different times. Furthermore, our ability to see the Moon is made possible by the fact that it is illuminated by the Sun. The amount of the lighted half of the Moon we see from Earth changes. Bearing in mind these changes, a number of calculations can be made, making it possible for human beings to measure the year. In former times a month was calculated as the time between two full moons, or the time it took the Moon to travel around the Earth. According to this, one month was equal to 29 days, 12 hours and 44 minutes. This is known as the lunar month. Twelve lunar months represent one year, according to the Hijri calendar. However, there is a difference of eleven days between the Hijri calendar and the Gregorian calendar, in which a year is the time it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun. Indeed, attention is drawn to this difference in another verse: They stayed in their cave for three hundred years and added nine. (Quran, 18:25) We can clarify the time referred to in the verse thus: 300 years x 11 days (the difference which forms every year) = 3,300 days. Bearing in mind that one solar year lasts 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45. 5 seconds, 3,300 days/365. 24 days = 9 years. To put it another way, 300 years according to the Gregorian calendar is equal to 300+9 years according to the Hijri calendar. As we can see, the verse refers to this finely calculated difference of 9 years. (Allah knows best. ) There is no doubt that the Quran, which contains such pieces of information, which transcended the everyday knowledge of the time, is a miraculous revelation. THE FORCE OF GRAVITY AND ORBITAL MOVEMENTS No! I swear by the planets-that recede, that ride their course hide themselves. (Quran, 81: 15-16) The word khunnas in Surat at-Takwir 15 bears such meanings as shrinking and cowering, retracting and turning back. The Arabic expression translated as hide themselves in the 16th verse is kunnas, the plural form of kaanis, which refers to a specific path: entering a nest, the home of a body in motion, or things entering their homes and hiding there. Again in verse 16, the word jawaar, the plural form of jariyah, which means one that moves and flows, is translated as that ride their course. Bearing the meanings in mind, it is very possible that these verses refer to the gravitational forces of the planets and their movements around their orbits. These words in the above verses fully describe orbital movements stemming from the force of gravity. Of these, the word khunnas refers to the planets attraction towards their own centres and also their attraction towards the Sun, which is the centre of our Solar System. (Allah knows best. The force of gravity already existed in the universe-although it was only possible to reveal this attractive force with mathematical formulae with Sir Isaac Newton, who lived in the 17th and 18th centuries. The word jawaar in the following verse emphasises the orbital movements that arise as a result of the centrifugal force that opposes this attractive one. There is no doubt that the use of the word ja waar together with khunnas (attraction towards the centre, shrinkage) and kunnas (path, entering the nest, the home of a body in motion) indicates an important scientific truth that nobody could have known about 1,400 years ago. Allah knows best. ) Moreover, these verses, one of the subjects sworn on in the Quran, are another indication of the importance of the subject. THE SPHERICAL EARTH He has created the heavens and the Earth for truth. He wraps the night up in the day, and wraps the day up in the night. (Quran, 39:5) In the Quran, the words used for describing the universe are quite remarkable. The Arabic word which is translated as to wrap in the above verse is yukawwir. In English, it means to make one thing lap over another, folded up as a garment that is laid away. For instance, in Arabic dictionaries this word is used for the action of wrapping one thing around another, in the way that a turban is put on. The information given in the verse about the day and the night wrap ping each other up includes accurate information about the shape of the world. This can be true only if the Earth is round. This means that in the Quran, which was revealed in the 7th century, the roundness of the world was hinted at. However, it should be remembered that the understanding of astronomy of the time perceived the world differently. It was then thought that the world was a flat plane and all scientific calculations and explanations were based on this belief. However, the glorious Quran has employed the most definitive words when it came to describing the universe. These facts, which we could only correctly fathom in our century, have been in the Quran for a vast length of time. THE EARTHS DIRECTION OF ROTATION You will see the mountains and reckon them to be solid; but they go past like clouds-the handiwork of Allah Who gives to everything its solidity. He is aware of what you do. (Quran, 27:88) The above verse emphasises that the Earth not only rotates but that it also has a direction of rotation. The direction of movement of the main cloud masses at 3,500-4,000 metres (11,500-13,000 feet) high is always from West to East. That is why it is generally the state of the weather in the West which is looked at in meteorological forecasts. 19 The main reason why cloud masses are pulled from West to East is the direction in which the Earth rotates. As we now know, our Earth spins from West to East. This scientific fact, only recently established by science, was revealed in the Quran 1,400 years ago, at a time when the Earth was believed to be flat, and to be resting on the back of an elephant. THE EARTHS GEOID SHAPE After that He smoothed out the Earth. (Quran, 79:30) In the above verse, the word dahaa is used in the original Arabic. It, translated as smoothed out, comes from the word dahaw, meaning to spread. Although the word dahaw also means to cover or to set out, the meaning of the verb is more than just a prosaic setting out, since it describes setting out in a circle. The concept of roundness is also present in other words derived from dahaw. For example, the word dahaw also refers to children dropping a ball into a hole in the ground, games involving throwing stones into holes and games played with walnuts. Words derived from that root are also used for an ostrich making a nest, cleaning stones from where it is about to lie down, the place where it lays its eggs and the egg itself. Indeed, the Earth is round, in a manner reminiscent of an egg. The slightly flattened spherical shape of the Earth is known as geoid. From that point of view, the use of the word dahaa contains important information about the shape that Allah has given to the Earth. For hundreds of years, people imagined the Earth to be completely flat and only learned the truth thanks to technology. Yet, this fact was revealed in the Quran fourteen centuries ago. THE DIAMETERS OF THE EARTH AND SPACE Company of jinn and men, if you are able to pierce through the confines of the heavens and Earth, pierce through them. You will not pierce through except with a clear authority. (Quran, 55:33) The Arabic word translated as confines in the above verse is aqtaar. This is the plural form of the word qutr, meaning diameter and refers to the skies and the Earth having many diameters. It is possible in Arabic to tell from the form in which a word is used whether it is singular, plural (more than two), or employed in a dual form. Therefore, the form of the word used here, the plural, refers to another piece of miraculous information. A three-dimensional body can only be said to have a single diameter if it is perfectly spherical. The term diameters can only refer to an irregular but basically spherical shape. This word chosen in the Quran-diameters-is important from the point of view of indicating the geoid shape of the Earth. The second noteworthy subject in the verse is that the Earth and the heavens are mentioned separately in reference to diameters. According to Albert Einsteins General Theory of Relativity, the universe is expanding. But this does not mean that the galaxies and other heavenly bodies are being dispersed in space. This means that space is expanding and that the distance between the galaxies is increasing. The definition of the confines of the heavens in Surat ar-Rahman 33 indicates the spherical structure of space. (Allah knows best. ) In the same way that the diameters of space will be different from different points in space, so the diameters of a constantly expanding space will also display differences. From that point of view the use of the plural form of the word confine is full of wisdom, and is one of the indications that the Quran is the revelation of our Omniscient Lord. ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS One fact about the universe revealed in the verses of the Quran is that the sky is made up of seven layers: It is He Who created everything on the Earth for you and then directed His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular heavens. He has knowledge of all things. (Quran, 2:29) Then He turned to heaven when it was smoke. In two days He determined them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate. (Quran, 41:11-12) The word heavens, which appears in many verses in the Quran, is used to refer to the sky above the Earth, as well as the entire universe. Given this meaning of the word, it is seen that the Earths sky, or the atmosphere, is made up of seven layers. Today, it is known that the worlds atmosphere consists of different layers that lie on top of each other. 20 Based on the criteria of chemical contents or air temperature, the definitions made have determined the atmosphere of the Earth as seven layers. 21 According to the Limited Fine Mesh Model (LFMMII), a model of atmosphere used to estimate weather conditions for 48 hours, the atmosphere has also 7 layers. According to the modern geological definitions the seven layers of atmosphere are as follows: 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere . Thermosphere 5. Exosphere 6. Ionosphere 7. Magnetosphere The Quran says, revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate, in Surah Fussilat 12. In other words, Allah is stating that He assigned each heaven its own duty. Truly, as will be seen in following chapters, each one of these layers has vital duties for the benefit of human kind and all other living things on the Earth. Each layer has a particular function, ranging from forming rain to preventing harmful rays, from reflecting radio waves to averting the harmful effects of meteors. The verses below inform us about the appearance of the seven layers of the atmosphere: Do you not see how He created seven heavens in layers? (Quran, 71:15) He Who created the seven heavens in layers (Quran, 67:3) The Arabic word tibaaq in these verses, translated into English as layer means layer, the appropriate cover or covering for something, and thus stresses how the top layer is well suited to the lower. The word is also used in the plural here: layers. The sky, described in the verse as being in layers, is without doubt the most perfect expression of the atmosphere. It is a great miracle that these facts, which could not possibly be discovered without the technology of the 20th century, were explicitly stated by the Quran 1,400 years ago. THE WELL-GUARDED SKY In the Quran, Allah calls our attention to a very important attribute of the sky: We made the sky a preserved and protected roof yet still they turn away from Our signs. (Quran, 21:32) This attribute of the sky has been proved by scientific research carried out in the 20th century: The atmosphere surrounding the Earth serves crucial functions for the continuity of life. While destroying many meteors-big and small-as they approach the Earth, it prevents them from falling to Earth and harming living things. In addition, the atmosphere filters the light rays coming from space that are harmful to living things. The mo

Strong And Courageous Essays - Torah, Book Of Exodus,

Strong And Courageous Strong and Courageous Strong and courageous, it could be thought at in many different ways when it is used in the biblical realm. You could use it for a positive way to stay close to God if you are a Christian. Perhaps if you were a non-believer you would used it for worldly matters such as muscle and guts. For myself I am a believer of the Christian perspective of staying close to God. Throughout our world today we having so many hurting people and lost people that sometimes to be the most courageous person is the one who steps out of their own comfort zone to help another in a time of need. Then there are those people who have a difficult time withstanding temptation from fellow peers or co-workers. These are all issues we deal with in the world today and can be helped only through God. Your strength that you have all comes from God. Many Christians I believe lose sight on what there means of stronghold is really from. In the beginning of their relationship with God they are on such a spiritual high that when they come down from cloud nine they are lost. In Deut. 6:5 it says Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength. This simply put, if you put everything with God he will not let you down. You will be in good hands that love you and all he ask is for you to love him back. The term courageous I believe falls in right behind strength. They work as one, for if you have strength in God you will have courage as well. In Deut. 31, it talks about how Moses summons Joshua to the people of Israel. He says.. be strong and courageous, for you must go with this people into the land..., this is a prime example of how if you are strong and courageous anything is possible. You need to be confident when doing something but there is a fine line between confidence and being cocky. Which can normally be ignored when you are totally dealing with the Lord. In 1 Samuel 17, it is the story about the Philistines violated the honor of God. In this case Paul to Saul to fight the Philistines. For they had done dishonor to our Lord. In this situation the phrase strong and courageous was used by force but only for the intentions to preserve the honor of God. There is countless stories that deal with the same basic reasoning for violence. It is to hold up honor or respect for ones country. In todays society you do not have the strong and courageous people fighting to hold up the Lords name, for the most part they fight to get respect or popularity amongst peers. Which is not what the bible intended or spoke about. It was based on events like the Philistines and such. In Matthew Henrys Commentary he deals with the statement of strong and courage or courageous deals with the law of God. Which is correct, God wants people to be willing for him so calls for strength and courage from us. This goes along with my thoughts on standing firm for what you believe. For without the loyalty for something, a person would learn no worth for anything in life. Henry also says Fear him and serve him, (for, if he be a Master, we must both reverence him and do his work); and swear by his name, that is, they must not upon any occasion appeal to any other, as the discerner of truth and avenger of wrong. What I believe that he is trying to get across is that if we fear and have so much for respect for God as we are suppose to then we will have no problem being strong and courageous for him. The dictionary meaning for courageous or courage is the quality that enables people to meet dangers without giving way to fear, bravery, spirit. This can be used in a biblical manner, for if we believe that God gives us the strength and power to be courageous

Birmingham essays

Birmingham essays Martin Luther King Jr. wrote this letter while imprisoned at the Birmingham city jail. I think in this letter Martin Luther King Jr. was trying to explain why he does all the things he do like marches, sit-ins, etc. He does all this trying to get freedom for blacks because it is about time they got it. Martin Luther King Jr. says that those are the only ways Blacks can gain their freedom. Birmingham city gave them no choice. He says the freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, the oppressed must fight to get it. (Letter from Birmingham 98). Blacks had to take direct action; they had always been told they have to wait. Well, quite frankly they could not wait anymore. As Martin Luther King Jr. said, wait basically mean the same thing as never. I think civil disobedience at that time was justifiable. An important point Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. made was that Blacks have waited too long to receive freedom that is promised in the constitution and that is God-given. Therefore it was time to take action; black people tried negotiating with the city, but the community continually refused to negotiate and so that never worked. So, the Blacks had to take matters into their own hands. That is why they carried out sit-ins and marches and so forth. They could no longer wait and think time would ultimately give to them their rights. I agree with Dr. King. After a certain amount of time, all this mis-treatment cannot be endured anymore. African-Americans were bound to retaliate. After a while, the people would desire freedom and do anything to get it. I think Martin Luther King Jr. was justified in doing all the things he did and this letter was his attempt to explain to people why his actions are justified since everyone else was saying his actions were unwise and untimely. Civil disobedience had to occur to change things or else Blacks might still be going through all these things today. ...

Expedient vs. Expeditious

Expedient vs. Expeditious â€Å"Expedient† vs. â€Å"Expeditious† â€Å"Expedient† vs. â€Å"Expeditious† By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between expedient and expeditious? The words were originally synonymous, but their meanings diverged long ago, and the distinction is small but significant. Both words derive from the Latin term expedire, which means â€Å"disengage† or â€Å"prepare.† (The literal meaning is â€Å"free the feet.†) As you may have guessed, that’s also the source of expedition, in the original sense of â€Å"journey† and the associated meaning of â€Å"those on a journey.† (The adjective form is expeditionary.) From expedire came the word expedite, meaning â€Å"dispatch or issue,† â€Å"do promptly,† or â€Å"speed up.† (Expediate is an unnecessary variant.) Two adjectives developed from this term: Expeditious originally meant â€Å"fitting† or â€Å"useful,† but it later acquired the sense of â€Å"promptly efficient† and lost its original meaning, which expedient retains. Expedient has two connotations, once neutral and the other more common slightly pejorative: Something that is expedient may be suitable, but the word more likely reflects what is done out of self-interest or because it is most convenient rather than the best solution. The adverbial form of expedient is expediently; the noun forms are expedience and, better, expediency. The adverbial form of expeditious is expeditiously, and the noun form is expeditiousness. The unrelated word expeditation (the verb form is expeditate) is closer to the literal meaning of the Latin source; it means to declaw a dog or remove the pads of its feet to deter it from chasing animals the word is therefore almost an antonym of expedite and I hope it’s obsolete. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Driver License vs. Driver’s LicenseParataxis and Hypotaxis

Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Coursework - Essay Example This is because women have many responsibilities to take care of. The famous baseball legend Mickey Mantle died of alcoholism related problem. Due to his heavy drinking, his liver was badly damaged by alcohol-induced cirrhosis and hepatitis C. Mantle was not a priority patient for a transplant. Usually, patients of transplant wait for some time to get liver donors. The problem was self-inflicted and so Mantle should have waited in the queue like many other patients. Another reason why Mantle was not a priority patient is that he already had cancer, which is a terminal illness. Alcoholism victims suffer from malnutrition for various reasons. First, alcohol causes euphoria, which depresses appetite. Secondly, alcohol is rich in energy because of the sugar component in it. This makes many alcoholics substitute food for alcohol. Although energised, alcoholics lack many nutrients that come from other foods since sugar has no other nutrients. Thirdly, continued drinking of alcohol causes destruction of critical organs used to digest and furnish nutrients to the body. Inflammation of the pancreas and liver damage are common digestive problems. In many cultures, alcohol has played a major role since many centuries ago. It is believed that the evolution of agriculture was partly to use the grains for alcohol. Drinking of alcohol is a socially accepted activity in many cultures and persons have the freedom to determine how far they want to take it. Additionally, the behaviour is carried from one generation to the other with the younger generation picking the behaviour with the thought that it has some adaptive benefits. Alcoholism plays an important role in the acceleration of domestic violence. First, alcoholic victims are prone to anger. This provokes them to fight members of their families especially the wives at the slightest provocation. Secondly, an alcoholic will

MHE509 - Emergency Planning and Methodology Module 3 - SLP Essay

MHE509 - Emergency Planning and Methodology Module 3 - SLP - Essay Example This emergency management and disaster preparedness plan is developed to save the lives and assets of the Barnard college student’s society in the situations of emergencies. This also protects the arranged operation of the college society throughout disasters. This policy will also facilitate in to manage and deploy the right help, manpower and resources in the occurrence of a disaster. For the critical analyses of the emergency or disaster management plan for the Barnard college I have reviewed the whole report and tried to find out the main weak points and flaws that are present in this emergency or disaster management policy. From the section onward I will discuss these points in detail. As we study the mission statement of the Barnard College’s emergency or disaster management plan or policy then we will be able to perceive lot of weaknesses in the better management of any critical situation. Here I will elaborate few of them. The main weakness I have perceived is about the handling of that situation. Here this emergency or disaster management plan it is mentioned that in case of any disaster situation will be assessed and then the necessary resources will be made available for that situation to address the emergency. As I perceive this is not feasible in state of emergency because at the time of emergency we have very short time to handle the situation. Assessment and planning at that time will take time and we would not be able to handle the situation properly. In this disaster management policy the main flaw is the lack of preplanning for all type of critical situation. There is a strong need of preplanning for all the types of situation in case of any mishap. So we can say that the Barnard College needs more established preplanning for better handling of the situation and circumstances. The weakness and failure of the emergency or disaster management plan is the lack of the enough

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Edgar Allan Poe was evil genius for his time and a great literary forerunner of today. He created the mind set for current writers such as Stephen King, Clive Barker, and Robin Cook by creating the horror story. Poe invites the reader to enter the mind of the narrator by using our senses as a way to provoke terror, suspense, and awe. His writing was influenced by many tragic losses in his life, and this would explain why Poe was a writer of such morbid short stories and poems. Poes experiences in life definitely influenced the remarkable literary work he produced. In his early life he had to deal with the death of both his parents, a difficult experience, but Poe accepted it as time went on. Later on in his life Poes stepfather disowned him. Young Edgars life was changed due to abandonment, alcoholism, and depression. In 1832 Poe moved in with his aunt and his 11 year old cousin in Baltimore. Poe then married his younger cousin in 1836. However, Poe did not know that he would suffer yet another terrible loss, the loss of his love, his wife. Poes ability to write literature was the window for him to express his feelings. All of Poes tragic losses affected the way he wrote. Poe used his life experiences to make his writing a lot more interesting. Poes writing is remarkably interesting. The poem The Raven showed how Poe erected a crazed state of mind, as the poem shows how the loss or a loved one drove a person crazy. This poem was possibly created for his wife that he had lost. While reading the poem it seems as if the stresses of the life of Poe, and his thoughts and feelings were all put into this poem. Throughout Poes life, many factors have contributed and influenced his writing style. He lived a difficult life, because he was raised in a dysfunctional household. But the final product of Poes mind is printed in his short stories and poems. Poes stories all have similar motifs and composition that would suggest suppressed emotions from life experiences are being discharged through his writings. The most prominent feature of Poes writing is his obsession with death. Poes writing does more than entertain the reader. It can be an insight into the dark and somber world of Edgar Allan Poe. One does not understand the meaning of Poe if one reads at the superficial level. One has to read into Poe, and understand the hardships of his life and how he maintained them that way. He knew that death was an inevitable part of life, it is the price of life, but he tried to fight it as if it was an unnatural part of life. He was an extremely intriguing man from all viewpoints, and he was and is, the dark side of all of us. It is difficult not to link Poes fictional stories with his real life. Evidence shows that Poe had a heart condition during his later years in life. Could The Tell Tale Heart be his own fear of the disease? Who knows? Could Poe have been expressing his fears that his alcoholic rages may cause him to hurt the ones he loved most in his tale The Black Cat? Finally, was the Pit and the Pendulum an allegory of his life? Did he find himself caught between the pendulum of financial adversity and the pit of degradation of death? Poe made the reader feel as if the reader were there, in the story, struggling with the same terrors of the characters. All his famous mystery thriller works give the reader a sense of nervousness, a sense of fear, and a sense of evil, by making our five senses awaken by reading every word. Critics say that Poe did not merely imitate the Gothic tales, but he also enriched them by preserving a central action while adding philosophical speculations and lore that deepened the impressions of the tales. As a result of the traumas he endured, Poe was unafraid of taking his readers for a walk on the dark side, where lines between life and death were sometimes blurred. His ability to tap into humankinds deepest fears and his consistency in portraying such intriguing and captivating themes is what has kept the work of Poe timeless. In short, Edgar Allan Poe has created many great stories for us. He liked to illustrate the dissolution of an individuals mind and body, as he had suffered it himself for quite a long time. He thought death is unavoidable, because he experienced keenly deaths all around him and its threat on his own life. He was obsessed by the loss of love of ideal women, for he had the same experience in life. Now, we can understand why Poe had a tendency of choosing such themes. Poe is an author of the inner world and his writings are his psychological autobiography to some extent. In this respect, Poe pioneered a new field in literature. He is the first one who focused on mans mental and spiritual activities, and his writings have deep influence on many of later writers. WORKS CITED Poe, Edgar Allan. Introductory Notes and Editors preface by Phillip van Doren Stern. In Selected Tales and Poems. The Viking Portal Library, Penguin Books, 1993. Moore, R. The Tell-Tale Heart: Discussion. 2002.Online. Internet. 11 November 2002. Available WWW: http://www.allpoe.com Murphy, Sally. Poes Poetry. 2002.Online. Internet. 12 November 2002. Available WWW: http://www.allpoe.com Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe His Life and Legacy. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992. Peters, James. Edgar Allan Poe. April 1, 2002.http://www.island-of-freedom.com/POE.HTM Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: A Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991. Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998

The Benefits of Playing Sports Essay -- Benefits of Sports

In everyone’s life there is always a thing or moment that reveals something new about you that you never noticed was there, Now the question is what did sports reveal to me? Since the very beginning, I had the will of giving it my all when I had a goal ahead of me, and always took the big steps to accomplish it. All of my experiences have led me to become what I am today, What is it that reveals who we are as a person? Is it the way we act? or just our life experiences? I believe that the significant events, actions, and accomplishments in the end define who you are in life. Something that has been so important and meaningful that happened to me was getting involved in sports. I have played sports from soccer to basketball, I know that if I had not been involved in sports, I would not be the person I am today. From the first day I started to play sports, I learned about responsibility, integrity, the importance of doing hard work, and much more. Taking the chance to play sports has definitely been life changing. Something that sports made me realize is that even though I can be the most dedicated person when working on a task, I still have the greatest aptitude to procrastinate on some things that is brought to me; most of the time it’s almost like a second nature to me to puts things aside. However, when I have an important task ahead of me, it’s always done right. I am dependable; one of my first big accomplishments would be when I first got into County Middle School soccer team, and from that day on, I have made it my aspiration to continue playing. Two years later when it was time for me to initiate high school I was told doing getting into the team would be extremely difficult, and it would be an immense ... ...hat clearly in mathematics, Getting excellent grades all the way through high school. I kept thinking about my future, and I decided to choose a major in which my skills would be of great use and then I thought why not business, and it was not a poor choice because I soon realized that economics came easy to me. Although the experience I got from high school was well by itself, it was not enough to prepare me. I truly want to increase my knowledge. I know that if I had never played sports, I would not have the drive nor the self-confidence I have today. It is extremely important to me to receive a good education beyond high school. Soccer was the force that kept me going; it showed me that there is no good lesson learned without any torment, only if you can bear through it and keep moving forward will you realize that you are strong enough prevail over any obstacle.

Production and Operation Management Essay

The Bronson Insurance Group was originally founded in 1900 in Auxvasse, Missouri, by James Bronson. The Bronson Group owns a variety of companies that underwrite personal and commercial insurance policies. Annual sales of the Bronson Group are $100 million. In recent years, the company has suffered operating losses. In 1990, the company was heavily invested in computer hardware and software. One of the problems the Bronson Group faced (as well as many insurance companies) was a conflict between established manual procedures and the relatively recent (within the past 20 years) introduction of computer equipment. This conflict was illustrated by the fact that much information was captured on computer but paper files were still kept for practical and legal reasons. FILE CLERKS The file department employed 20 file clerks who pulled files from stacks, refilled used files, and delivered files to various departments including commercial lines, personal lines, and claims. Once a file clerk received the file. Clerks delivered files to underwriters on an hourly basis throughout the day. The average file clerk was paid $8,300 per year. One special file clerk was used full time to search for requested files that another file clerk had not been able to find in the expected place. It was estimated that 40 percent of the requested files were these â€Å"no hit† files requiring a search. Often these â€Å"no hit† files were eventually found stacked in the requester’s office. The primary â€Å"customers† of the file clerks were underwriters and claims attorneys. UNDERWRITING Company management and operations analysts were consistently told that the greatest problem in the company was the inability of file clerks to supply files in a speedy fashion. The entire company from top to bottom viewed the productivity and effectiveness of the department as unacceptable. An underwriter used 20-50 files per day. Because of their distrust of the files department, underwriters tended to hoard often used files. A count by operations analysts found that each underwriter kept from 100-200 files in his or her office at any one time. An underwriter would request a file by computer and work on other business until the file was received. Benson employed 25 underwriters. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Upper management was deeply concerned about this problem. The MIS department had suggested using video disks as a possible solution. A video disk system was found that would be sufficient for the Semester II Examination Papers IIBM Institute of Business Management companies needs at a cost of about $12 million. It was estimated that the system would take two years to install and make compatible with existing information systems. Another, less attractive was using microfilm. A microfilm system would require underwriters to go to a single keyboard to request paper copies of files. The cost of a microfilm system was $5 million. 1. What do you recommend? Should the company implement one of the new technologies? Why or why not? 2. An operations analyst suggested that company employees shared a â€Å"dump on the clerks† mentality. Explain. Caselet 2 Harrison T. Wenk III is 43, married, and has two children, ages 10 and 14. He has a master’s degree in education and teachers junior high school music in a small town in Ohio. Harrison’s father passed away two months ago, leaving his only child an unusual business opportunity. According to his father’s will, Harrison has 12 months to become active in the family food-catering business, KareFull Katering, Inc., or it will be sold to two key employees for a reasonable and fair price. If Harrison becomes involved, the two employees have the option to purchase a significant, but less than majority, interest in the firm. Harrison’s only involvement with this business, which his grandfather established, was as an hourly employee during high school and college summers. He is confident that he could learn and perhaps enjoy the marketing side of the business, and that he could retain the long-time head of accounting/finance. But he would never really enjoy day-to-da y operations. In fact, he doesn’t understand what operations management really involves. In 1991 Kare-Full Katering, Inc. had $3.75 million in sales in central Ohio. Net profit after taxes was $ 105,000, the eleventh consecutive year of profitable operations and the seventeenth in the last 20 years. There are 210 employees in this labor-intense business. Institutional contracts account for over 70 percent of sales and include partial food services for three colleges, six commercial establishments) primarily manufacturing plants and banks), two long -term care facilities, and five grade schools. Some customer location employs a permanent operations manager; others are served from the main kitchens of Kare-Full Katering. Harrison believes that if he becomes active in the business, one of the two key employees, the vice president of operations, will leave the firm.Harrison has decided to complete the final two months of this school year and then spend the summer around Kare-Full Katering – as well as institutions with their own food services – to assess whether he wants to become involved in the business. He is particularly interested in finding out as much as possible about operations. Harrison believes he owes it to his wife and children to fairly evaluate this opportunity.

Advantages and Disadvantage of technology

Technology changes and improvements have been applied in all sectors of the economy as well as the arms of the government.   Many employees and employers and the society in general embrace technology in different perspective depending on the impact it will cause on their lives.The police department as many other sector has also been embracing technological changes to be able to deal well with the increasing cases of crimes.   Generally, any technology will either have a positive or negative impact on all stakeholders.The recent technology that the police have continuously used is the use of stun guns and patrol car video surveillance to tackle criminal activities and provide protection to the citizens.Use of the stun guns.Stun guns are weapons that are aimed at disabling a victim temporarily by delivering high voltage electric shock.   There are various means in which the stun gun is used to a victim.   The aim of the stun gun to disable a victim but many people have ended up being killed by the used of guns.Tasers are a type of stun gun now being used by the police in the United States â€Å"[Tasers] are designed to incapacitate by conducting 50,000 volts of electricity into your body.   The electrical pulses induce skeletal muscles spasms that immobilize and incapacitate, causing you to collapse to the ground†, (Indyhack 2007).According to Eliot, more than 150 people have died in the US because of being struck by tasers since January 2001, and 61 in 2005.   Most of the death victims died because of being subjected to multiple or prolonged shock.   The police have been drawing the tasers so quickly even in cases that the use of such extreme force is not necessary.   For instance,Deputies fired Tasers at a teenager who ran after not paying $1 bus fare, a 71 – year who refused to get into a police car, and partially deaf man who could not hear deputies ordering him to stop†¦About three out of four of those shocked by Seattle po lice were unarmed, (Indyhack 2007).Apart form the abuse of the Tasser weapons by the police, the use of the Tasser can have side effect on the victim, in the long run. There is no any scientific proven research done to allay fears about the electrocuting of human beings by use of the gadget.Taser only relies on two studies.   The studies were done by company paid researchers’ on a single pig in 1996, and on 5 dogs in 1999, (Indyhack 2007).   Because of lack of scientific research, health hazards cannot be ruled out.Despite these problems associated with the use of the stun gun police, have vehemently defended the weapon use.   They argue that the weapon can be used rather than police handguns especially on victims who are armed with different weapons other than guns, or on victims who are mentally sick.   In this case, many lives will be saved because of the use of the less lethal weapons.Patrol car video surveillanceMany people because of the fact that it has played a big role in preventing crime have welcomed the video surveillance technology.   This system is one of the technologies that have quite well used to control criminal activities in most cities, homes, business building and public places.It has been widely accepted by many people that the surveillance system has highly reduced the cases of criminal activities, â€Å"Instead of being perceived as an Orwellian intrusion, the cameras in Britain proved to be extremely popular. They were hailed as the people’s technology, a friendly eye in the sky, not Big Brother at all but kindly and watchful uncle or aunt†, (Arroyo, 2002).The problem with using the surveillance is when it is combined with other technologies such as biometric facial recognition, thermal sensing, infrared, and other that greatly enhanced human visual capabilities (Arroyo 2002).If this system is used in line with the audio recording, the system will violate Title 1 of the Electronic Communications Act.   This is because the combination of the surveillance style and audio recording without a person’s knowledge is violating the person’s privacy.   This is especially a big problem if the police use the systems without being controlled, as they infringe on many rights of the people.The other problem that is associated with this system is that it also implicates on peoples free social life.   The monitoring of peoples’ movement in the society implies that a person will not be a free man in his own society, as someone somewhere is watching his movements. This system seems to undermine the people’s way of life as well as compromising it.Therefore, despite the fact that the surveillance might reduce many cases of criminal activities as some people argue, it at the same time causes destruction to the way of living of people and inducing the to conformity as one is not sure whether he is being watched or not.  Those who argue for the use of the surveillance system, they do see that the issue of security has become more important than only the social part of life. Hence arguing for the continued use of the system.ConclusionBoth use of the stun gun and the surveillance machine can be of much beneficial to the society only if they are applied in the correct manner that does not in any way infringe on a person’s rights.   Or else, as much as they are being applied as now, they have left many people’s rights abused.

Atomic Number 3 Element Facts

Atomic Number 3 Element Facts Lithium is the element that is atomic number 3 on the periodic table. These means each atom contains 3 protons. Lithium is a soft, silvery, light alkali metal  denoted with the symbol Li. Here are interesting facts about atomic number 3: Lithium is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element at ordinary temperature and pressure. The density of the solid near room temperature is 0.534  g/cm3. This means it not only floats on water, but is only about half as dense as it. It is so light, it can even float on oil. It also has the highest specific heat capacity of a solid element. Element number 3 has the highest melting point and boiling point of the alkali metals.Element number 3 is soft enough to cut with shears. Freshly cut metal is silver-colored, with a metallic luster. However, moist air quickly corrodes the metal, turning it dull gray and finally black.Among its uses, lithium is used in medications for bipolar disorder, to make lithium ion batteries, and to add a red color to fireworks. Its also used in glass and ceramics and to make high temperature lubricant grease. It is a coolant in breeder reactors and a source of tritium when atomic number 3 is bombarded with neutrons.Lithium is the only alkali metal that reacts with nitrogen. Yet, it is the least reactive metal in its element group. This is because the lithium valence electron is so close to the atomic nucleus. While lithium metal burns in water, it does not do so as vigorously as sodium or potassium. Lithium metal will burn in air and should be stored under kerosene or in an inert atmosphere, like argon. Dont try to extinguish a lithium fire with water as  it will only make it worse! Because the human body contains a lot of water, lithium will also burn skin. It is corrosive and should not be handled without protective gear.The name for the element comes from the Greek word lithos, which means stone. Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAISi4O10).  Brazilian naturalist and statesman, Jozà © Bonifcio de Andralda e Silva found the stone on the Swedish isle Utà ¶. Although the mineral looked like an ordinary gray rock, it flared red when thrown into a fire.  Swedish chemist Johan August Arfvedson determined the mineral contained a previously unknown element. He couldnt isolate a pure specimen, but did produce a lithium salt from petalite in 1817.The atomic mass of lithium is  6.941. The atomic mass is a weighted average that accounts for the natural isotope abundance of the element.Lithium is believed to be one of only three chemical elements produced in the Big Bang that formed the universe. The other two elements are hydrogen and helium. Howev er, lithium is relatively uncommon in the universe. Scientists believe the reason is that lithium is nearly unstable, with isotopes that have the lowest binding energies per nucleon of any stable nuclides. Several isotopes of lithium are known, but the natural element is a mix of two stable isotopes.  Li-7 (92.41 percent natural abundance) and Li-6 (7.59 percent natural abundance). The most stable radioisotope is lithium-8, which has a half-life of 838 ms.Lithium readily loses its outer electron to form the Li ion. This leaves the atom with a stable inner shell of two electrons. The lithium ion readily conducts electricity.Because of its high reactivity, lithium is not found in nature as a pure element, but the ion is abundant in sea water. Lithium compounds are found in clay.Mankinds first fusion reaction involved atomic number 3, in which lithium was used to make hydrogen isotopes for fusion by  Mark Oliphant in 1932.Lithium is found in trace amounts in living organisms, but its function is unclear. Lithium salts are used to treat bipolar disorder, where they act to stabilize mood.Lithium is a superconductor at ordinary pressure at an extremely low temperature. It also supercondu cts at higher temperatures when the pressure is very high (greater than 20 GPa). Lithium displays multiple crystal structures and allotropes. It exhibits a rhombohedral crystal structure (nine layer repeat spacing) around 4 K (liquid helium temperature), transitioning to a face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic structure as the temperature increases.

14 Things You Need to Know as a New Nurse

14 Things You Need to Know as a New Nurse So you’ve made it. You want to be a nurse and now you’re ready to begin your nursing career. Here are 14 tips from actual nurses, things they wish they’d known back when they first were starting out, that can help set you on a steeper learning curve as a new nurse. 1. Your schedule is different on paper vs. in real lifeYour schedule might look totally doable- a manageable series of shifts (most hospitals would say 3 shifts of 12 hours each). But when you factor in changeover duties, exchanging important patient information before and after each work day, and your commute? Those days are easily 15 hours. And those four days off per week? Forget it. Be ready for the 5 a.m. phone calls begging you to pinch hit when you’re understaffed. Best be prepared for more hours than your schedule would suggest on paper.2. Your duties expand far and wideThe definition of â€Å"nursing,† as it turns out, has a lot more to it than just the medical care you were trai ned to give. Expect also to have to perform the tasks of waitress, housekeeper, advocate, crusader, IT person, mediator, electrician, errand runner, and counselor. The more your realize how much outside stuff will factor into your ability to get your actual job done, the better a nurse you’ll be.3. Your memory game must be on pointIf you don’t have an outstanding memory, you’d better come up with a mnemonic system to keep things better in your head, or at least be extremely organized and know where you’ve recorded the details you really can’t forget. You’ll be expected to know without hesitation details about your patient, their disease profile, the technology you’ll need to wield, medication interactions, etc. Often as a matter of life and death.4. Your mistakes will be plentifulIt would be naà ¯ve to think that you won’t make them. You will. Everyone does. The first one will feel awful, and you’ll probably cry, but yo u’ll be very unlikely ever to make it again. Do your best to learn from your mistakes. They’ll make you a much better nurse. And take extra care with medications- they’re the easiest thing to mess up!5. You will learn how to handle the most difficult thingNursing school, no matter how much you think it has, cannot prepare you to witness your first, second, or two hundredth death. You will see hundreds and they will not get easier. Each will be different and tragic in their own way.6. You will develop a sick sense of humorIf you don’t have one already, you will soon. You and your coworkers will find yourselves making jokes you’d never even realize were joke-worthy before you became a nurse. Just go with it. This is how we keep each other sane.7. You will be attached to the phoneYou’ll be dealing with patients a great deal. You’ll be expected to be graceful under fire. But you’ll also spend an ungodly amount of time, tedious time , on the telephone. Other departments, doctors, pharmacies, insurance companies, supply companies, etc. Train yourself to have excellent phone demeanor and you’ll go far.8. Your body will take a beatingIt will hurt you. After almost every shift. And as you grow older and more seasoned in your career, it will only hurt more. You’re standing, walking, lifting patients and equipment. It takes a toll. Take good care of yourself. Stretch. Learn to optimize your body mechanics- standing, sitting, bending, lifting. Wear compression stockings and good, supportive shoes.9. Your friends and family become bonus patientsYou’re never going to be off the clock. Not as long as your friends and family have cell phones and cameras and can send you their complaints and health questions. Just get used to it. You’ll have a hard time turning loved ones away when you or your colleagues might be of help.10. Your pay is not as high as it should beIt will never be enough for the amount of work you’re expected to do just to perform your base duties. But there are always opportunities for you to pick up extra shifts and overtime. If you can do the extra work, you can make the extra cash.11. Your schedule will be all over the placeKiss your weekends and holidays goodbye. And be prepared to explain to your friends and family why you can’t always be counted on to come to dinners and birthday parties and weekends away. Eventually you’ll all get used to the way things have to be.12. Your second family will be at workYour coworkers will become your family. You’ll be battle tested. And you’ll see everything, process everything, mourn and celebrate everything as a little unit. You’ll love and hate them, and celebrate most holidays by their side.13. You will come to depend upon breakfastIs more important for you than for almost any one else in any other career. Make sure you eat it, even if you do it during your commute. It mi ght be the only chance you get to eat. And try to load up on protein bars or drinks to keep you going when you only have two minutes to eat and no time to chew!14. You will learn the meaning of commitmentProbably the most important thing to ask yourself is how much you actually want this. Nursing isn’t for everyone. It’s a thankless, underappreciated, underpaid profession, but if it’s what you love, you’ll be able to hang in there no matter what. Do a bit of soul searching to find the kind of dedication you’ll need to keep you going during the course of your long career.

Rise of Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rise of Nationalism - Essay Example Through his works – from his writings, lectures to his activities – Sun Yat-sen was able to introduce doctrines that would form the foundation of Chinese nationalism. They served as the cause of the political movement that brought people together and the soul that lent fervor and passion to the demands for change. Nationalism played a role in China’s attempts to effectively pursue self-determination. The Qing dynasty was widely perceived as a bastard government having been established with the aid of Japan and existed with Japanese control. Even the Soviet Republic was threatening to control outer Mongolia (Linebarger, 2). The intellectual elite led by Sun Yat-sen rallied the people and effectively mobilized them in a struggle against the regime. The objective is to rid the country of foreign control by rising against the empire. Nationalism became the ideology that unified the people towards achieving this goal (Linebarger, 61). In 1911, the Qin dynasty was defeated and a nationalist government was finally

Write a letter advocating for ARNPs in Florida to have or not to have Essay

Write a letter advocating for ARNPs in Florida to have or not to have the right to prescribe controlled substances - Essay Example To clarify further the website of Florida Board of Nursing clearly mentions under section FAQ that a nurse practitioner cannot prescribe controlled substance. The ARNP’s here illegally prescribing controlled substance by forgery of signature of physicians and by using their DEA number. This kind of irresponsible behaviour of issuing controlled substance even to the teenagers in our locality by few ARNP’s can lead to irreparable loss to society by affecting the health of its members. Excess and uncontrolled dosage of substance abuse negatively impacts physical and psychological health of an individual and even result to death. This kind of substance abuse has its impact on society also as the individual under substance use often encourage others to take up the same. I will appreciate if you consider the issue reported in the letter. I would like to be sent information on the investigation done if it does not violate any rules or regulation. For any further information please contact me on (111) 111-1111 or

Operation management and decision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operation management and decision making - Essay Example This is an area of some uncertainty in the capacity planning process. Hitachi Ltd is one of the companies used capacity management as the main tool to plan and control its production processes and improve performance. Hitachi Ltd. is a global leader on the electronic market specialized in Electronic Devices, Power & Industrial Systems, Digital Media & Consumer Products, High Functional Materials & Components, Logistics and Financial Services. The paper and analysis will concentrate only on one sphere of its activity: Electronic Devices. These are represented by the following types of products: power tools, measurements tools, electronic devices, semiconductors, etc. A special attention will be given to one product, semiconductors. In this segment, the efforts of executives to improve the management process have resulted in an influx of technological advances. Semiconductors are manufactured in Japan and Asia (Hitachi semiconductors 2008). For Hitachi Ltd, capacity planning is not visionary or futuristic thinking, but an example of process versus substance. Capacity management for semiconductors is the process that creates a balance between what is desired and what is possible. Capacity management enables managers to distinguish truly important decisions from less important ones and to build a strategic agenda. It is a process that deals with interdepartmental issues and allows the organization to develop synergy among functional components. It is a process that helps managers deal with turbulent, complex, and influential environments. It helps to identify critical success factors or key result areas, to avoid incremental thinking, and to effectively deal with change. The main products for semiconductors are Interlayer Dielectric Materials, High Heat resistance Photopolymers, die bonding paste, different types of bonding films, Epoxy Molding Compounds, liquid encapsulants, a high heat resistant coating. The product pu rity is strongly affected by many upstream variations (Hitachi semiconductors 2008). Local engineering systems help stabilize the columns to insure that the product meets minimum market specifications. These variations result in higher energy consumption and lower production capacity. At times, large variations disrupt the column operation to such an extent that it is necessary to shut down and restart. The fundamental source of such variation is easily traced to variations in the rates and concentrations of the many feeds that are pumped to the tank farm. In this case, as a recycle facility, it is not practical to negotiate with the suppliers for more consistency in the raw materials. There is little choice but to take the recycled acid as it comes, variation and all. There is a possibility, however, of reducing the magnitude of the problem by modifying the process and control system designs to be less sensitive to such unavoidable upstream variations. The plumbing of the tank is c hanged to make better use of the capacity of the inventory to reduce the magnitude and the frequency of the variations seen by the columns (Chase & Jacobs 2003). The main outputs are power semiconductors (high voltage, diodes), semiconductors for communication systems, and SDRAM for electronic technology (Hitachi semiconductors 2008).. "Improvements in production and inventory control translate

Changing Care Needs through the Life Stages

Changing Care Needs through the Life Stages Shane Quigley Introduction In this essay, I will be discussing the changing care needs through the life stage of my case study Margret whose name has been changed to protect the confidentiality of the person. I will be taking you through the development of late adulthood, the development of Margret, factors affecting Margret and my recommendations on helping Margret’s personal needs. The information provided will be mostly personal life experience from my module book and some internet pages. Development during Late Adulthood Aging affects people differently from person to person, but generally in late adulthood people experience both gains and losses. People lose their instant energy a younger person may have, but the ability to conserve energy is gained for future activities when needed. Age also brings a better sense of patience, experience, wisdom and understanding one may not have had before as a person has seen and experienced changes in their life before, this wisdom improves the quality of life regardless of the physical changes that may occur. Physical changes in the body in late adulthood are inevitable no matter how healthy a life you live but maintaining a healthy balanced lifestyle coupled with daily exercise can help you live a better quality of life and may keep the body and mind fresh into late adulthood too. Primary aging in late adulthood has an effect on appearance, sensation and motor abilities. A person in late adulthood may have more wrinkles as less collagen is produced in skin, skin becomes less elastic it also becomes thinner. Warts and skin tags and liver spots may form around the body as well as noticeable blood vessels. The hair may thin and turn grey as melanin is not produced as frequently in the body as before and height is decreased as bone density decreases. Intellectually in late adulthood the senses begin to decrease or dull in this stage of life the lenses of the eye discolour and are rigid, making the perception of colour harder to interpret, reading may also become difficult without the proper corrective glasses. Hearing also decreases in this stage , especially being able to hear high-pitched sounds, as a result of this paranoia may develop and could develop a level of unfound distrustfulness in response to not being able to hear well, as they could not interpret if the person was talking about them or not, this can be corrected with proper diagnosed hearing aids which are widely available. Also cognitive changes in late adulthood are not rare, memory fades as we age, however some people defy the general trends and can maintain their mental sharpness into their late stage of life through keeping their mind active and alert as much as possible. The theorist Jean-Piaget believed this is the formal-operative thinking stage in late adulthood, hypothetical problem solving skills decline, but decision making is faster and more logical and focused. Research has shown that keeping the body physically fit can attribute to staving off mental illnesses and other cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer’s and dementia. Eriksson’s theory of Identity vs. Despair best described the social and emotional development of late adulthood. As the theory involves coming to terms with the decisions you made in life. Those who view they have achieved a sense of integrity view their life in a larger context and are more at ease with themselves and accept their life course. People in late adulthood have experienced a lifetime of knowledge, which can make them feel more secure with themselves which they may not have had when they were younger. Adjusting to retirement is vital and a big step in this stage, adjusting can be easy and have no adverse affects on their life. On the other hand some people may find it hard adjusting depending on their emotional state, income and social network. Friends and family play a significant role in late adulthood in maintaining good life satisfaction by providing companionship and doing social activities. Staying in contact with people promotes successful aging and people d o better if they continue to engage with life and maintain close friendships and relationships. Margret Development and Personal Prejudices, Fears and Anxieties Physically Margret has no major illnesses thankfully for her age, she just has the characteristics of primary aging such as wrinkles and sagging skin but her hearing and sight is quite sound for her age. She does not need the use of hearing aids and only uses reading glasses to read, mobility is fine as she does not need the use of a walking stick or wheelchair and frequently walks every day up the town and to the library. Intellectually Margret keeps her mind active and has no mental-illnesses or diseases, she does this through her hobbies such as reading, playing Sudoku and other mind puzzles and crosswords in her favourite newspaper The DailyMail. Also her frequent trips to the library to read up on fiction and the World Wars during the week helps keep her mind active and fresh, as-well as walking which has been proven to keep the mind mentally stable. She also attends the local bingo with friends, bingo keeps the mind fresh as you constantly have to be aware your numbers are being called and have to keep the brain focused as you pay attention. Emotionally and Socially Margret has a close knit of friends she keeps in touch with regularly from childhood and the group she goes to bingo with. Family is very important to Margret. She has just one daughter and two grandchildren which she sees twice a week. This means the world to Margret especially after losing her spouse two years ago to cancer. Margret says she is blessed with her daughter and grandchildren and is grateful of the group of friends she has to make her happy especially when her husband died. She also attends mass every Sunday in her local church. Spirituality is very important for change in late adulthood and religion plays a big role in Margret’s life and accompanied with church, she also goes to Lourdes once a year. These social activities help keep Margret in touch with other likeminded people and promote a healthy social lifestyle. My own personal prejudices, fears and anxieties regarding late adulthood would probably be the youth of today as I think they do not have the same respect as the past generation had. I would be fearful when I grow older into this stage travelling on public transport as I think the youths on public transport can be quite loud, intimidating and sometimes aggressive, and can be quite the stressful and terrifying experience especially at night time. When you reach a certain age, you are forced to use public transport as your license is taken away from you. You lose that freedom you once had, that sense of independence is gone and in my opinion you feel like you are being treated like a child not a valued member of society. Fear and anxieties would that be finically, the economy the way it is at the moment may reduce or take away the pension. I also fear I wouldn’t be able to afford the necessities I need to live, that I would a burden to my loved ones if I got ill. Also a big fear /anxiety is that I could develop a cognitive illness such as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, that if this happened who would look after me, that I would be too much of a burden on family and might end up in a nursing home. Another fear is that may not be able to leave enough money for my children and the cost of the funeral would be left for them to fund. Variations/Factors affecting Individual at this stage of life Mobility in later life can be a concern as primary aging causes a decrease in bone density and organs in general but with Margret’s frequent walking into town and the library every day, she is delaying this decline of the bones as much as possible. Another factor is you memory fading and potentially getting a cognitive illness in this stage of life. Finically at this moment in time since she is on a widowers pension and is surviving comfortably at the moment. Socially and emotionally she is afraid of the well-being of her friends at this moment as some of them have fallen ill as she is close to them and relies in them for support after her husband’s passing. Recommendations to respond confidently to the needs of the person Conclusion I would recommend in conclusion that Margret should go to the doctors at least once a month to make sure she is fit and healthy, also to get her eyes checked in the opticians to see if she needs other glasses to see with. And to get her ears checked to see if hearing aids are needed. I would recommend more regularly exercise on top of her walking like joining her local gym. In some places the over sixty-fives can join for free and most places do a discounted offer for O.A.P’s, there is also a social benefit to going to the gym too as you are out of the house, meeting similar aged people too and aids cardiovascular and respiratory functions, slows the loss of muscle and helps with the decline of bone density and promotes sound sleep and fights depression. I would make sure she has a healthy diet which includes a balanced diet, less sugar and plenty of water as-well as multi-vitamins supplements with plenty of fresh fruit and fresh food to provide optimal organ function. Also to avoid smoking which she has not done throughout her life anyway. Also to cut out excessive alcohol consumption, Margret may have two glasses of wine a day. I would recommend cutting back to one to reduce risk of liver damage. I would recommend trying to reduce as much stress in her life and keeping up as much social activities as possible to promote healthy well-being mentally and physically to aid cognitive functioning and prevent depression. I would also recommend trying new skills and try new activities to aid mental activity and promote healthy mental functioning. Bibliography Web Pages 1 5M4339 Shane Quigley